• OHC is a potent regulator

  2019-09-06

  

  25-OHC is a potent regulator of LXR-mediated pathways, that impact on blasticidin lipid homeostasis [8]. This oxysterol affects expression of the cholesterol efflux pumps ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC)A1 [9] and ABCG1, and expression of apolipoprotein E [10], [11], [12]. 25-OHC is able to s

• br Analytical improvements Since our review of Oxysterol

  2019-09-06

  

  Analytical improvements Since our review of “Oxysterol Metabolomes” in 2011 [7], there have been a number of improvements in analytical methods for the analysis of oxysterols and related compounds. McDonald and colleagues in Dallas have refined their LC-MS methods which are now applicable for ana

• EPAC activation in VSMCs and ECs reverses several processes

  2019-09-06

  

  EPAC activation in VSMCs and ECs reverses several processes involved in the development of in-stent restenosis. Of particular relevance is the ability of EPAC1 to induce SOCS3 gene expression, as SOCS3 exerts multiple protective effects in both cell types, while immunohistochemical studies have show

• br When Does Activity with Alternative Substrates Depend

  2019-09-06

  

  When Does Activity with Alternative Substrates Depend on Neutral Drift? In a final scenario, the alternative reaction catalyzed by an enzyme might have no significant (positive or negative) effects on the system fitness, and thus it would be invisible to natural selection and essentially subject

• br GPCRs form heterotetramers In

  2019-09-06

  

  GPCRs form heterotetramers In addition to homodimers and heterodimers, for several family A receptor heteromers, experimental evidence supports the presence of higher order rearrangements as tetrameric structures, comprised of two different homodimers, each able to signal with its preferred G pro

• Here we explored the relative contribution of D like and

  2019-09-06

  

  Here we explored the relative contribution of D1-like and D2-like receptor subtypes in the control of glutamate release, as well as their pharmacological properties and their interactions modulating the release. The pharmacological parameters (EC50 and Emax) of dopamine for the different types of re

• DGK is a key enzyme in glucose uptake in

  2019-09-06

  

  DGKδ is a key enzyme in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Chibalin et al. demonstrated that a decrease in DGKδ expression increases the severity of type 2 diabetes [20]. Additionally, DGKδ expression was increased in people who exhibited enhanced insulin sensitivity after exercise training [56]. Fr

• A An optimized BEI SEIscore

  2019-09-06

  

  (A) An “optimized BEI-SEIscore” based on the trends, emerged from the statistical analysis of several optimization studies in pharmaceutical industry (Abad-Zapatero, 2007, Abad-Zapatero and Blasi, 2011). This type of optimized scores has been used in many previous studies. Ki=1nM at 300° K, compare

• Predictions of enzyme topology for DGAT are more difficult s

  2019-09-06

  

  Predictions of enzyme topology for DGAT2 are more difficult since the DGAT2 polypeptide sequences are more diverse across species than those of DGAT1. The length and function of the hydrophilic N-terminus preceding the first hydrophobic segment varies with species – for example, segments in fungi ar

• The authentic PPase was purified

  2019-09-06

  

  The authentic PPase was purified from B. subtilis as described previously [21], whereas the recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity from E. coli by a simplified procedure including only phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography and DEAE-HPLC [21]. About 26 mg of pure enzyme was obtained fr

• br The role of TNFs and AD The TNF

  2019-09-06

  

  The role of TNFs and AD The TNF superfamily includes 19 members that can bind 29 different receptors [56, 57]; the 19 members are Lta, TNF-α, lymphotoxin-β (LTβ), OX40L, TNF associated activation protein (TRAP, also named CD40L or gp39), factor associated suicide ligand (FasL), CD70, CD153, 4-1BB

• RNA sequencing RNA seq is a particularly effective technolog

  2019-09-06

  

  RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) is a particularly effective technology for gene discovery in a given process, especially in non-model species for which reference genome sequences are not available. Although the major application of RNA-seq analyses is the identification of differentially expressed genes (D

• A summary of the drug CDK hydrophobic hydrogen bonding

  2019-09-06

  

  A summary of the drug-CDK2/6/9 hydrophobic (Φ), hydrogen-bonding (H), and polar-bonding (P) interactions based upon the KLIFS residue numbers is provided in Table 5. The KLIFS system gives comparable residues from different Quinidine the same value [77], which facilitates comparisons among differen

• br Acknowledgements These studies were supported

  2019-09-06

  

  Acknowledgements These studies were supported by a research grant from the NIH (R01 AR065594) to C. Putterman. Introduction Macrophages integrate and adapt to their locally encountered cytokine and chemokine milieu. In tumors characterized by an unresolving inflammation, the tumor cell-killin

• br Materials and methods br

  2019-09-06

  

  Materials and methods Acknowledgements We thank Drs. Nathan Sherer (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Bryan Cullen (Duke University) for generous reagent gifts. The following reagent was obtained through the NIH AIDS Reagent Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH: HIV-2ROD phage from Dr. Ron

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