• br Introduction Glucose homeostasis is primarily regulated b

  2022-04-14

  

  Introduction Glucose homeostasis is primarily regulated by the hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Although insulin produced by β all trans retinoic acid mg is the blood glucose-lowering hormone, glucagon secreted from α cells acts as the major counte

• It was recently reported that aged GHSR mice

  2022-04-14

  

  It was recently reported that aged GHSR−/− mice, in addition to showing alterations in meal pattern microstructure, exhibit NPY and AgRP mRNA upregulation in the ARC [56]. After an overnight fast, our animals exhibited a similar pattern of upregulated NPY and AgRP mRNA expression. Given that GHSR1a

• br Regulation of plasma ghrelin concentration As

  2022-04-14

  

  Regulation of plasma ghrelin concentration As described above, ghrelin is primarily produced in the stomach and secreted into the blood stream. Plasma ghrelin does not significantly differ between chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and controls, although plasma ghrelin level is significantly hi

• It has also been demonstrated that PS

  2022-04-14

  

  It has also been demonstrated that PS1 is ubiquitinated by Caenorhabditis elegans SEL-10 [52], Fbw7 the mammalian homologue of SEL-10 [38], and more recently by tumour necrosis factor Roflumilast associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which facilitates Lysine-63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination of PS1 [50], [

• br ACKNOWLEDGMENTS br Introduction Odorant receptors

  2022-04-13

  

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Introduction Odorant receptors (ORs) are the largest subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are mainly expressed by olfactory sensory neurons in the nose for the detection of various odorants [1]. However, more recent reports suggest that ORs are also expressed an

• br Medium to long chain fatty acids Medium

  2022-04-13

  

  Medium- to long-chain fatty acids Medium- to long-chain fatty acids impart a wide range of physiological effects. Medium-chain and long-chain fatty acids have 6–12 carbons and >12 carbons, respectively. As the energy source, these fatty acids are supplied primarily by food intake, biosynthesis, a

• br FAAH mediation of fear

  2022-04-13

  

  FAAH mediation of fear and extinction In addition to being a major target and modulator of stress, the BLA is a critical node within the neural circuitry subserving learned fear behaviors. The BLA is activated during the formation, expression, and extinction of conditioned fear memories, and dama

• We thus asked whether enhanced AEA levels in the

  2022-04-13

  

  We thus asked whether enhanced AEA levels in the cholinesterase inhibitors reduce the level of age-related inflammatory changes and slow down brain ageing. To answer this question we compared the morphology of microglia and level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of young and old wild

• br Experimental br Acknowledgment br Introduction Hepatitis

  2022-04-13

  

  Experimental Acknowledgment Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) belongs to Flaviviridae, is a blood-borne pathogen which infects about 180 million individuals throughout the world; most of the cases lead to end stage liver diseases, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (Choo et

• Hepatitis C virus HCV is a frequent cause

  2022-04-13

  

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a frequent cause of infectious chronic hepatitis. Unlike hepatitis A and B, there is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C infection yet. According to WHO, around 200 million people are infected with HCV worldwide [1], in addition to three to four million newly infected patien

• Earlier we have shown relationship

  2022-04-12

  

  Earlier, we have shown relationship between cytotoxicity and receptor degeneration in Chidamide receptor having specific neurotransmitter receptors (Siddiqui et al., 2008). In the present study, exposure to 4-HNE reduced expression of DA-D2 receptors in PC12 cells which was found to be concentratio

• br Conclusions br Conflicts of Interest br Introduction

  2022-04-12

  

  Conclusions Conflicts of Interest Introduction Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic multisystem illness of unconfirmed cause. ME/CFS has largely been diagnosed from Fukuda CFS criteria and/or the Canadian ME/CFS criteria. The Institute of Medicine in 2015

• GPR co localizes with ghrelin in the

  2022-04-12

  

  GPR120 co-localizes with ghrelin in the duodenum [17], α-gustducin in the small intestine and type II taste bud cells 18, 19, neuropeptide Y centrally in the arcuate nucleus [20] and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in the colon and circumvallate papillae taste bud cells 6, 21, 22. Interestingly GPR1

• Typically upon chronic agonist exposure GPCRs

  2022-04-12

  

  Typically, upon chronic agonist exposure GPCRs undergo desensitization and internalization resulting in a loss of receptor responsiveness over time (Drake et al., 2006, Kelly et al., 2008). However, not all GPCR systems conform to this model of acute agonist-mediated regulation. Some receptors have

• It is well known that the expression of GPR

  2022-04-12

  

  It is well known that the expression of GPR109A is regulated under physiological and pathological conditions. We previously found that GPR109A expression in islet beta-cells increased with age and was up-regulated by interferon-γ (Li et al., 2011). GPR109A levels in Min6 and INS-1E islet beta-cells

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