• Diabetes or inflammation is associated with up regulation

  2024-05-13

  

  Diabetes or inflammation is associated with up-regulation of A2AAR (Pang et al., 2010). High levels of A2AARs are found in macrophages and microglial cells that are poised, on activation, to abrogate the immune response (Trincavelli et al., 2008). In addition, hyperglycemia is associated with increa

• Double immunofluorescence staining of Gas and Axl with neuro

  2024-05-13

  

  Double immunofluorescence staining of Gas6 and Axl with neuronal specific nuclear protein (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), demonstrated that Gas6 and Axl are expressed by neurons, astrocytes and microglia/macrophages (Fig. 2). In

• The combination of Aurora kinase inhibitors with standard

  2024-05-13

  

  The combination of Aurora kinase inhibitors with standard chemotherapeutics or radiotherapeutics are currently in progress, such as AZD1152 plus radiotherapy in various solid cancer models. In addition, Azzariti et al. found that AZD1152-HQPA enhanced oxaliplatin and gemcitabine effectiveness in the

• While the yeasts and see Glossary each contain only

  2024-05-13

  

  While the yeasts and (see Glossary) each contain only one Aurora homolog, Ipl1p (increase in ploidy 1) and Ark1 (Aurora-related kinase 1), respectively 5, 6, , and Xenopus laevis contain two Aurora kinases: Aurora A and Aurora B [4]. Mammals have three Aurora kinases, A, B, and C (Figure 1). In an

• In humans the superior safety profile of lipid associated fo

  2024-05-11

  

  In humans, the superior safety profile of lipid-associated formulations is characterized by decreased acute infusion-related reactions and dose-related nephrotoxicity, allowing the administration of larger doses and therefore similar efficacy with fewer administrations. In vitro studies and human cl

• However relatively little information is available concernin

  2024-05-11

  

  However, relatively little information is available concerning the biochemical properties and other features of such enzymes in Taeniid species. In the current report, a M17 leucine aminopeptidase gene of T. pisiformis (TpLAP) was cloned and expressed, and its enzymatic activity, biochemical propert

• The PAS domains of AHR consist of two

  2024-05-11

  

  The PAS domains of AHR consist of two regions, PAS-A and PAS-B, which function as interfaces for dimerization with ARNT and for ligand binding, respectively [14]. Although both the bHLH and the PAS-A domains have been shown to be involved in dimerization with ARNT, a recent report suggests that only

• Heart failure is a chronic

  2024-05-11

  

  Heart failure is a chronic syndrome in which the heart is unable of pumping an adequate supply of blood to meet the metabolic requirements of the body or generating the required elevated ventricular filling pressures to maintain output [34]. Despite considerable advances in the treatment of heart fa

• br Adenosine as a mediator

  2024-05-11

  

  Adenosine as a mediator of procedures used to manage pain The issue of caffeine Caffeine, from dietary sources, is perhaps the most widely consumed behaviorally active agent in the world (Fredholm et al., 1999). Initial characterization indicated caffeine had a higher affinity at A1−, A2A− and

• Elacridar Plant material and growth conditions Arabidopsis

  2024-05-11

  

  Plant material and growth conditions. Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia was grown on a mixture of soil, vermiculite, and perlite (4:2:1) with a 16h light/8h dark Elacridar in a temperature-controlled growth room (22°C), unless indicated otherwise. Molecular cloning and plant transformation. Th

• br Experimental Procedures br Acknowledgments br

  2024-05-11

  

  Experimental Procedures Acknowledgments Introduction Synapses are fundamental units for efficient communication between neurons and their target cells. Despite significant progress in understanding the structure of matured synapses, less is known about the mechanisms by which neurotransmitt

• R406 Both subcutaneous s c and

  2024-05-11

  

  Both subcutaneous (s.c.) and mucosal administration of short synthetic peptide derivatives of AChR prevent the onset of EAMG, but do not treat ongoing EAMG [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85]. The selection of peptides for treatment is mainly based on the identification of immunodominant T- and B-cel

• hydroxydopamine OHDA is a selective catecholaminergic neurot

  2024-05-10

  

  6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a selective catecholaminergic neurotoxin mainly used to generate lesions in the nigrostriatal pathway in rats (Ungerstedt, 1968). The most common use of 6-OHDA is via unilateral injection into the rat medial forebrain bundle (MFB). DA depletion, nigral DA cell loss, and

• The mechanism by which Gas prevents

  2024-05-10

  

  The mechanism by which Gas6 prevents inflammation has been reported to be via inhibition of Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) signaling (Cui et al., 2016). After injury, TLRs become stimulated, leading to downstream activation of TRAF3 and TRAF6 and translocation of several transcription factors, such as I

• br Expression of autotaxin in cancer Autotaxin ATX

  2024-05-10

  

  Expression of autotaxin in cancer Autotaxin (ATX) is a member of the family of NPPs (Nucleotides pyrophosphatases phosphodiesterases (NPP) family with a unique lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity, allowing the synthesis of LPA from lysophospholipid precursors such as the lysophosphatidylcholin

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